Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient recruitment

1. Patient aged above 18

2. Patients requiring intravitreal injection and scheduled for another intravitreal injection in the subsequent 3 months

Exclusion Criteria

1. Individuals with impaired mental capacity who is unable to assess and relay the degree of pain experienced to the physician

2. Individuals with previous eye surgery apart from cataract extraction surgery, and ocular comorbidities that may alter ocular pain or cause ocular neuropathy including herpetic eye disease, uncontrolled glaucoma, uveitis, active conjunctivitis, keratitis, arcus senilis and bullous keratopathy

3. Individuals with previously known allergy to proparacaine

4. Individuals with any systemic or topical use of NSAIDs or sedative medications within 7 days from the current visit (including the day of IVI)

5. Individuals with eye pain prior to the anesthesia administration, to minimize confounding